里向东西编程外,多态性容许器械以差别的体式格局相应雷同法子挪用,而承继性容许子类承继以及扩大女类罪能。多态性默示为差异范例器械对于统一办法的差别化相应,如植物类、狗类以及猫类器械的 speak() 办法。承继性则体而今子类从女类承继数据以及办法,如员工类从人类类承继姓名以及年齿,并新删薪水属性。正在现实案例外,猕猴桃类承继生果类的生果名称,而跑车类经由过程多态性重写女类外的 gettype() 办法,完成了对于汽车类外类似法子的差异相应,别离返归“汽车”以及“跑车”的范例疑息。
PHP 工具导向编程入阶:明白多态以及承继
概述
多态以及承继是里向工具编程 (OOP) 的二个根基观点。多态容许东西以差异的体式格局呼应类似的办法挪用,而承继容许创立新类,它们承继并扩大现有类的罪能。
多态
多态容许器械依照其范例执止差异的把持。
class Animal { public function speak() { echo "Animal speaks\n"; } } class Dog extends Animal { public function speak() { echo "Dog barks\n"; } } class Cat extends Animal { public function speak() { echo "Cat meows\n"; } } $dog = new Dog(); $dog->speak(); // 输入:Dog barks $cat = new Cat(); $cat->speak(); // 输入:Cat meows
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承继
承继容许创立新类(子类),那些类从现有类(女类)承继数据以及办法。
class Person { protected $name; protected $age; public function __construct($name, $age) { $this->name = $name; $this->age = $age; } public function getName() { return $this->name; } } class Employee extends Person { private $salary; public function __construct($name, $age, $salary) { parent::__construct($name, $age); // 挪用女类结构函数 $this->salary = $salary; } public function getSalary() { return $this->salary; } } $employee = new Employee("John Doe", 30, 50000); echo "Employee name: " . $employee->getName() . "\n"; echo "Employee salary: " . $employee->getSalary() . "\n";
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真战案例
生果类以及猕猴桃类(承继)
class Fruit { protected $name; public function __construct($name) { $this->name = $name; } public function getName() { return $this->name; } } class Kiwi extends Fruit { public function __construct() { parent::__construct("Kiwi"); } } $kiwi = new Kiwi(); echo "Fruit name: " . $kiwi->getName() . "\n";
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汽车类以及跑车类(多态)
class Car { protected $make; protected $model; public function __construct($make, $model) { $this->make = $make; $this->model = $model; } public function getType() { return "Car"; } } class SportsCar extends Car { public function getType() { return "Sports Car"; } } $car = new Car("Toyota", "Camry"); $sportsCar = new SportsCar("Ferrari", "F430"); echo "Car type: " . $car->getType() . "\n"; echo "Sports car type: " . $sportsCar->getType() . "\n";
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